– Ayesha Sultana
The Constitution Day is a celebration of India’s democratic principles and values. It marks the adoption of a document that guarantees justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens. These ideals are not just the bedrock of our nation but also resonate deeply with the teachings of Islam, revealed over 1,400 years ago. As a complete way of life, Islam offers guidance that aligns with and reinforces many principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution, demonstrating its universal relevance.
This connection is not coincidental but profound and rooted in timeless values. Islam’s focus on justice, equality, and freedom of thought serves as a reminder of its enduring message for humanity.
The Indian Constitution and Islamic Values: A Comparative Study
The Constitution guarantees rights and freedoms to every individual, ensuring dignity, equality, and justice. Similarly, Islam emphasises these principles in the Quran and through the life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Let us explore some key articles of the Indian Constitution and their parallels in Islamic teachings.
- Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
The Constitution establishes equality before the law and prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth. Islam, too, has always promoted the concept of universal equality. The Quran states:
“O mankind, indeed We have created you from a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes so that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the Sight of Allah is the most righteous of you.” (Surah Al-Hujjurat: 13)
In his Farewell Sermon, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ declared, “An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor a white over a black, except by piety and good action.” This teaching dismantled the deeply entrenched hierarchies of his time and emphasised that every human being is equal in worth and dignity.
- Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
The Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, expression, assembly, association, movement, and religion. The Quran upholds freedom of choice in faith and belief:
“There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion. The right course has become clear from the wrong.” (Surah Al-Baqarah: 256)
The Charter of Madinah, established by Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, guaranteed freedom of religion and peaceful coexistence. It stated, “The Jews and Muslims shall live as one community, practising their respective religions without interference.”
- Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21)
Article 21 of the Constitution protects an individual’s life and liberty, ensuring that no one is deprived of these except by due process of law. Islam places immense value on human life, considering its preservation a divine duty:
“Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land – it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one – it is as if he had saved mankind entirely.” (Surah Al-Ma’idah: 32)
Prophet Muhammad ﷺ emphasised the sanctity of life, saying, “The destruction of the Kaaba is less significant in the Sight of Allah than the killing of a single innocent soul.”
- Right to Education (Article 21A)
The Constitution ensures free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14. Islam similarly stresses the pursuit of knowledge. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said, “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim, male and female.”
In Islamic history, centres of learning flourished under Muslim rule, fostering advancements in science, medicine, and philosophy that benefited humanity.
- Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
The Constitution prohibits human trafficking, forced labour, and exploitation. Islam has always stood against oppression and exploitation. The Quran states:
“Do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly, but only [in lawful] business by mutual consent.” (Surah An-Nisa: 29)
Prophet Muhammad ﷺ encouraged just treatment of workers, saying, “Pay the worker his wages before his sweat dries.”
- Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
The Constitution protects the rights of minorities to preserve their culture and establish educational institutions. Islam also safeguards cultural and religious diversity. The Quran says:
“For you is your religion, and for me is my religion.” (Surah Al-Kafirun: 6)
The Charter of Madinah set a precedent for pluralism, ensuring that every community had the right to practice its traditions without interference.
- Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
Article 32 empowers citizens to approach courts to enforce their rights. Islam similarly provides mechanisms for redress and justice. The Quran commands:
“Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when you judge between people, judge with justice.” (Surah An-Nisa: 58)
Prophet Muhammad ﷺ emphasised accountability and fairness, saying, “The most beloved of people to Allah are those who bring the greatest benefit to others.”
Historical Parallels: The Charter of Madinah
The Charter of Madinah, drafted by Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, is regarded as the first written constitution in history. It united diverse tribes and communities under principles of justice, equality, and mutual respect.
The Charter guaranteed:
- Protection of life and property
- Religious freedom
- Equality before the law
- Collective responsibility for maintaining peace and security
These principles resonate with modern constitutional values, demonstrating Islam’s foresight and relevance.
Islam’s Universal Message of Justice and Peace
Islam’s emphasis on justice, equality, and human dignity transcends time and geography. It provides a framework for harmonious coexistence, inspiring individuals and societies to uphold these values.
The Quran reminds us:
“And We have certainly honoured the children of Adam.” (Surah Al-Isra: 70)
This divine declaration underscores the sanctity of human life and the importance of ensuring justice and fairness for all.
Unity in Diversity
As we commemorate the Constitution Day, it is vital to recognise the shared values that connect the Indian Constitution and Islam. Both advocate for justice, equality, and freedom, fostering a society where individuals coexist in peace and dignity.
Islam’s teachings serve as a timeless reminder that justice and compassion are the cornerstones of a thriving society. By embracing these principles, we not only honour the Indian Constitution but also contribute to a world built on mutual respect and understanding.
Let’s reflect on this harmony and strive to embody these ideals in our lives, bridging divides and celebrating the beauty of unity in diversity.
