– Sajid A Zubair
Counsellor (IPERC) & Educator
An article by a Kolkata-based senior journalist Subir Roy offers a thought-provoking examination of the increasing relevance of euthanasia in contemporary society, particularly against the backdrop of advancements in medical science and changing societal attitudes towards end-of-life care. It delves into various aspects of the euthanasia debate, including ethical implications, legal frameworks, and practical considerations.
Roy’s article emphasizes the importance of end-of-life planning, particularly through the creation of living wills. It argues that such documents empower individuals to outline their preferences for medical care and end-of-life decisions, thereby ensuring that their wishes are respected even when they are unable to communicate them.
Roy also advocates for greater awareness and discussion surrounding end-of-life planning while acknowledging the complex and sensitive nature of the topic.
Euthanasia, the intentional ending of a person’s life to relieve suffering, is a contentious issue that challenges ethical principles from various perspectives. In recent years, there has been a growing push for its legalization in different parts of the world. However, from an Islamic standpoint, the legalization of euthanasia raises profound moral concerns that need to be carefully examined.
The increasing interest in euthanasia can be attributed to several factors. Foremost among these is the desire to alleviate suffering, particularly among those facing terminal illnesses or severe pain. Advocates argue that euthanasia offers a compassionate solution to relieve unbearable suffering and maintain individual autonomy. As of March 2021, seven countries globally have legalized active euthanasia, with prominent examples including the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, and Spain. Additionally, physician-assisted suicide (PAS) has been legalized in Germany, Switzerland, and several US states such as Oregon, California, Washington, and the District of Columbia.
Furthermore, advancements in medical technology have extended life expectancy but not necessarily improved the quality of life for everyone. Some individuals fear prolonged suffering and loss of autonomy in the face of terminal illness, leading them to consider euthanasia as a viable option.
Few studies from the past show an increase in opting for euthanasia. The study published by the National Library of Medicine was conducted through questionnaires sent to a sample of 6860 physicians who had reported death in 2005 (response 78%). Previously, 3 similar studies were done at 5-year intervals. The report states that the reporting rate of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide increased from 18% in 1990, 41% in 1995, and 54% in 2001 to 80% in 2005. The reporting rate in the subgroup of euthanasia with recommended drugs (barbiturates and muscle relaxants) was 73% in 1995, 71% in 2001, and 99% in 2005. The reporting rate of euthanasia with no recommended drugs (e.g., opioids) was below 3% in 1995, 2001, and 2005. Unreported euthanasia differed also from reported euthanasia in the fact that physicians less often labeled their act as euthanasia.
In India, the legal journey towards legalization of passive euthanasia began with the landmark case of M.S. Dubal vs. the State of Maharashtra in 1986. Maruti Sripathi Dubal, a police constable suffering from psychiatric illness, attempted suicide and was prosecuted under Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code. In its ruling, the Bombay High Court asserted that the “right to life” guaranteed under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution encompasses the “right to die.”
Subsequently, pivotal case, numerous petitions were filed in various Indian courts advocating for similar recognition of the right to die. Later in 2018, a five-judge constitution bench of the Supreme Court decreed that the Indian government would respect the living wills of patients in vegetative states or those suffering from terminal illnesses, effectively legalizing passive euthanasia in India.
Changing societal attitudes towards death and dying have also contributed to the acceptance of euthanasia. In societies where religious beliefs hold less influence, individuals may feel empowered to make decisions about their end-of-life care.
From an Islamic perspective, the legalization of euthanasia presents significant ethical challenges. Central to Islamic teachings is the belief in the sanctity of life and the inherent dignity of every individual. The Quran explicitly states, “And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right” (Quran 6:151), emphasizing the gravity of taking a life unlawfully.
Islam teaches that human life is a sacred trust from Allah, and only He has the ultimate authority to determine its beginning and end. As such, the deliberate ending of a life, whether through active or passive means, is considered contrary to the divine will.
The belief in Qadar, or predestination, is a fundamental tenet in Islam, affirming that everything, including life and its trials along with the inevitable truth of death, is predetermined by Allah. This belief instills a sense of trust and acceptance in the divine plan, guiding Muslims to navigate life’s challenges with patience and resilience. This belief provides Muslims with a profound sense of peace and surrender to the divine will, even in the face of adversity.
Moreover, Islam emphasizes the importance of patience, perseverance, and trust in Allah’s wisdom, even in the face of suffering or terminal illness. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ endured significant hardship throughout his life but consistently demonstrated resilience and faith in Allah’s plan. This serves as a powerful example for Muslims facing end-of-life challenges, encouraging them to endure with grace and dignity until their natural time of death.
Islam places a strong emphasis on compassionate care for the sick and elderly. Muslims are encouraged to alleviate suffering through medical treatment, pain management, and supportive care, rather than resorting to euthanasia as a solution.
The legalization of euthanasia raises serious ethical concerns that cannot be overlooked. Islam upholds the sanctity of life and the importance of compassionate care for the sick and suffering. Instead of embracing euthanasia as a solution to end-of-life suffering, efforts should be directed towards improving access to palliative care, supporting individuals facing terminal illness, and promoting a culture of respect for human life. By upholding these principles, Muslims can navigate end-of-life challenges with dignity, compassion, and faith in Allah’s wisdom.
