Washington, D.C.: A new report by the India Hate Lab documents a sharp rise in hate speech events targeting religious minorities across India during 2025, with Muslims bearing the brunt of the hostility. The study records 1,318 in-person hate speech events across 21 states, one Union Territory, and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The figure marks a 13 percent rise from 2024 and nearly double the count recorded in 2023.
The report shows Muslims faced direct targeting in 1,156 incidents, while another 133 events targeted Muslims alongside Christians. Hate speech against Christians appeared in 162 incidents, reflecting a steep rise from the previous year. The data point to an entrenched pattern of public hostility rather than isolated episodes.
According to the findings, 1,164 incidents took place in states or territories ruled by the BJP or its allies. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Delhi together accounted for nearly two thirds of all recorded events. States governed by opposition parties recorded far fewer incidents, with a clear year-on-year decline.
The study identifies organised groups as key drivers. The Vishwa Hindu Parishad and Bajrang Dal together accounted for over one fifth of all events. More than 160 organisations or informal groups played a role in organising such gatherings. Political leaders and religious figures also featured prominently. Uttarakhand Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami led the list of speakers, followed by Pravin Togadia and BJP leader Ashwini Upadhyay.
The content of the speeches raises alarm. Nearly half promoted conspiracy theories such as love jihad and population jihad. Over 300 speeches issued calls for violence, including direct appeals for arms. Many speeches urged boycotts or demanded the removal of mosques and churches. Dehumanising language appeared repeatedly.
The report also highlights the role of social media. Videos from most events surfaced first on online platforms, amplifying reach and impact. Researchers describe the pattern as sustained mobilisation aimed at shaping political life beyond election periods.
